standard

• n. 標準；水準；旗；度量衡標準
• adj. 標準的；合規格的；公認為優秀的
• n. (Standard)人名；(英)斯坦達德；(德)施坦達德

來自古法語 estandart,軍旗，旗幟，等同於 stand hard,字麵意思即穩固站立。引申詞義標準， 規範等。

standard

standard: Standard ‘flag, banner’ [12] denotes etymologically something that is ‘extended’ or unfurled. The word comes from Anglo-Norman estaundart ‘flag displayed on a battlefield so that troops can rally to it’. This was a derivative of Old French estendre ‘extend’ (first cousin of English extend). The sense ‘criterion, norm’, which emerged in the 15th century, is probably a metaphorical application of the notion of the ‘royal standard’ or banner as being the point from which authoritative commands (as of standards of weight and measurement) are issued. Standard ‘upright object, such as a tree’ [13] is probably an alteration of stander.
=> extend; stand

standard (n.1)

mid-12c., "flag or other conspicuous object to serve as a rallying point for a military force," from shortened form of Old French estandart "military standard, banner." According to Barnhart and others, this is probably from Frankish *standhard, literally "stand fast or firm," a compound of unrecorded Frankish words cognate stand (v.) and hard. So called because the flag was fixed to a pole or spear and stuck in the ground to stand upright. The more common theory [OED, etc.] calls this folk-etymology and connects the Old French word to estendre "to stretch out," from Latin extendere (see extend). Some senses (such as "upright pole," mid-15c.) seem to be influenced by if not from stand (v.). Standard-bearer in the figurative sense is from 1560s.

standard (adj.)

1620s, "serving as a standard," from standard (adj.). Earlier it meant "upright" (1530s). Standard-bred "bred up to some agreed-upon standard of excellence" is from 1888.

standard (n.2)

"weight, measure, or instrument by which the accuracy of others is determined," late 14c., from standard (n.1) "military standard, banner," a particular use in English of this word, but the sense evolution is "somewhat obscure" [OED]. The standard weights and measures were set by royal ordinance and were known as the king's standard, so perhaps metaphoric, the royal standard coming to stand for royal authority in matters like setting weights and measures. Hence the meaning "authoritative or recognized exemplar of quality or correctness" (late 15c.). Meaning "rule, principal or means of judgment" is from 1560s. That of "definite level of attainment" is attested from 1711 (as in standard of living, 1903).

1. The London Evening Standard moved offices a few years ago.

《倫敦標準晚報》報址幾年前遷走了。

來自柯林斯例句

2. The standard of living today is on the edge of subsistence.

現在的生活水平幾乎快要無法維持生計。

來自柯林斯例句

3. Residents in general are poor and undereducated, and live in sub-standard housing.

居民們普遍都很貧窮，受教育程度低，居住條件較差。

來自柯林斯例句

4. It carried off the Evening Standard drama award for best play.

它獲得倫敦晚間標準戲劇獎的最佳戲劇獎。

來自柯林斯例句

5. Generations of students have learnt to parrot the standard explanations.

一代又一代學生學會了機械地重複這些標準解釋。

來自柯林斯例句