foul

• adj. 犯規的；邪惡的；汙穢的；淤塞的
• vt. 犯規；弄髒；淤塞；纏住，妨害
• vi. 犯規；腐爛；纏結
• n. 犯規；纏繞
• adv. 違反規則地，不正當地

來自PIE*pu, 腐爛，發臭，詞源同pus, putrid. 可能來自人們聞到臭味時發出的聲音。

foul

foul: [OE] The underlying meaning of foul is probably ‘rotten, putrid’, with overtones of ‘evilsmelling’. It goes back to an Indo-European *pu-, which may originally have been inspired by the same reaction as produced the English exclamation of disgust at a bad smell, pooh. Amongst its other off-spring were Latin pūs, source of English pus, purulent, and supurate, and Latin putridus, source of English putrid.

Its Germanic descendant was *fu-, on which the adjective *fūlaz was based. This produced German faul ‘rotten, lazy’, Dutch vuil ‘dirty’, and English foul, and also the derived noun filth [OE]. Defile ‘make dirty’ is not directly related, but its form was influenced by the now obsolete verb befile, which was connected with foul.
=> filth, pus, putrid, suppurate

foul (adj.)

Old English ful "rotten, unclean, vile, corrupt, offensive to the senses," from Proto-Germanic *fulaz (cognates: Old Saxon and Old Frisian ful, Middle Dutch voul, Dutch vuil, Old High German fül, German faul, Gothic füls), from PIE *pu- (2) "to rot, decay," perhaps from the sound made in reaction to smelling something bad (see pus).

Old English ful occasionally meant "ugly" (as contrasted with fæger (adj.), modern fair (adj.)), and this sense became frequent in Middle English. The cognate in Swedish is the usual word for "ugly." Of weather from mid-14c. In the sporting sense of "irregular, unfair, contrary to established rule or practice" it is first attested 1797, though foul play is recorded from mid-15c. Baseball sense of "out of play" attested by 1860.

foul (v.)

Old English fulian "to become foul, rot, decay," from ful (see foul (adj.)). Transitive meaning "make foul, pollute" is from c. 1200. Meaning "become entangled" (chiefly nautical) is from 1832, probably from foul (adj.) in the sense "obstructed by anything fixed or attached" (late 15c.). "A term generally used in contrast to clear, and implies entangled, embarrassed or contrary to: e.g. to foul the helm, to find steerage impracticable owing to the rudder becoming entangled with rope or other gear" [Sir Geoffrey Callender, "Sea Passages," 1943]. Related: Fouled; fouling. Hence also foul anchor (1769), one with the slack of the cable twisted round the stock or a fluke; noted by 1832 as naval insignia.

1. A series of technical foul-ups delayed the launch of the new product.

一係列技術問題延誤了新產品的上市。

來自柯林斯例句

2. Collins was in a foul mood even before the interviews began.

柯林斯在采訪還沒開始時就暴躁不安起來。

來自柯林斯例句

3. One of the judges thought it was a foul throw.

有個裁判認為投球犯規.

來自柯林斯例句

4. He picked up his first booking for a 45th-minute foul on Bull.

他因為在比賽進行到第45分鍾時對公牛隊犯規而被第一次記名警告。

來自柯林斯例句

5. Steve Vickers was yellow-carded for a foul on Hunt.

史蒂夫·維克斯因對亨特犯規被出示黃牌。

來自柯林斯例句